THE SECURITY AND FREEDOM DILEMMA: UKRAINE'S DEMOCRATIC PATH THROUGH WAR AND THE CHALLENGES OF CONSOLIDATION

Abstract

The article examines the evolution of Ukrainian democracy under wartime conditions and the challenges facing its consolidation. The authors find out the specifics of Ukraine’s democratic transition since 1991, emphasizing its divergence from classical post-socialist scenarios and its dependence on the European integration vector. The concepts of electoral and liberal democracy are reviewed, with a focus on the fact that Ukraine, despite a developed electoral environment, has not yet achieved a fully liberal model. The state of democracy is assessed using Freedom House data, and the index’s methodology is criticized for insufficient consideration of national context and external threats. Particular attention is given to the impact of martial law on the implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms, which generates the “freedom vs. security” dilemma. The article analyzes the four levels of democratic consolidation proposed by F. Fukuyama - ideology, institutions, civil society, and culture - and outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the Ukrainian experience. It highlights the phenomenon of civil society developing ahead of the state’s institutional design. The paper identifies post-war risks, including the danger of hybrid political regimes, and proposes directions for strengthening democracy: balancing freedom and security, institutional improvement, and meritocratic recruitment of the political elite. Combining theoretical analysis with practical recommendations, the study outlines an optimistic scenario for Ukraine’s democratic development after victory.