FACTORS OF POPULISM GROWTH IN MODERN LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES

Abstract

The article examines the main reasons for the growing popularity of populist movements in modern liberal democracies. Populism has different meanings for different social groups, but all its manifestations are united by a critical or suspicious attitude towards political elites, mainstream politics and established institutions. Populism positions itself as a spokesperson for the interests of "ordinary" people who, in its view, remain marginalised or forgotten by the authorities, and often appeals to the rhetoric of patriotism. In addition, populist rhetoric tends to create a simplistic dichotomy between a morally «pure» people and a «corrupt» elite («us» and «them»), reinforcing a narrative of confrontation and division within society. It is emphasised that the rise of populism is caused by a combination of economic, cultural and technological factors that have contributed to the spread of disillusionment and disbelief in traditional forms of political representation. Economic globalisation and rising inequality have exacerbated feelings of insecurity among large segments of the population, especially those who feel left behind. In addition, technological changes, such as the rapid development of social media and digital communication platforms, have had a significant impact on the political landscape. At the same time, the fragmentation of the information space and the spread of disinformation have further undermined public trust in mainstream media and institutions. The article argues that populism should be viewed not only as an externally imposed phenomenon that threatens democracy, but also as something that democracy itself generates through its internal contradictions and unresolved issues. Populist leaders often appeal to the unfulfilled promises of democracy, especially the ideals of equality, participation and representation, using this disillusionment to consolidate their own power and undermine democratic institutions from within. In this sense, populism can be interpreted as both a symptom and a consequence of the crisis of liberal democracy.
In conclusion, the article presents populism as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon resulting from the interaction of economic inequality, cultural resistance to progressive change and technological transformations in the information space. The growing influence of populist movements poses a serious challenge to liberal democracy and requires a deep understanding of its roots in order to protect democratic values and institutions in the modern world.