«CRISIS», «REVOLUTION», «CIVIL WAR» AS COMPONENTS OF THE CONCEPT OF SCIENTIFIC REPRODUCTION OF THE SOCIAL PROGRESS OF UKRAINE IN 1917-1920

Abstract

The article seeks to elucidate the logical interconnections, interdependencies, and reciprocal influences of significant social phenomena during one of the most pivotal periods in Ukrainian history. Even a general framework for understanding these phenomena can facilitate a constructive crystallization of approaches, enhance methodological consistency in research practices, and foster a clearer comprehension of events from a century ago, which are currently subjected to diverse, often conflicting or unconvincing interpretations within historiography and political science. By rationalizing the interplay and clarifying distinctions among the theoretical constructs of «crisis», «revolution», and «civil war» through the lens of the historical context from 1917–1920, this analysis presents opportunities for a more precise and realistic depiction of intricate social trends and processes. Specifically, this methodical examination reveals that a singular, linear model depicting progression along an ascending trajectory—moving «from the smaller to the larger»—is inadequate. Instead, it necessitates a more adaptable and dialectical approach; it becomes evident that not only can political crises precipitate revolutions—which may subsequently incite civil wars—but civil wars themselves can initiate a «reverse reversal», triggering political crises. Moreover, the ramifications of civil wars significantly alter the developmental trajectory of revolutions and influence choices regarding pathways for social development.